Novia Hadi: direct and indirct speech

tense changeNovia Hadi: direct and indirct speech

direct and indirct speech

Direct and indirect speech

Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.

1. Direct speech
2. Indirect speech

Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.  Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.

Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.
              He said, “I work in a factory”                           (Direct speech)
              He said that he worked in a factory.                (Indirect speech)
              They said, “we are going to cinema”               (Direct speech)
              They said that they were going to cinema.      (Indirect speech)

Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.

Fundamental rules for indirect speech.

1. Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
2. Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech.
3. Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.

In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.

Example.
       Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
       Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
       Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
       Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the                                                                                person of object of reporting verb)

1. Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.

Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.

1. Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.

Examples.
   Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
   Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
   Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
   Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t                                                                                    change)

To see more about tense change, click here.

One skill to acquire in mastering English is the listening skill. No one could ever make any significant progress on their listening unless they be used to listening to spoken English.

For you who wish for practice, the videos bellow might be a good help.
Listen and see if you can answer the questions :) 

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assignment prose

The Story

La Ndoke-ndoke Te Manu

                 Once upon a time, there lived a monkey and a cock. They were friends. The monkey lived near by the cock. One day, they took a walk. They enjoyed the walk very much. It makes them forgot the time. When they realize, the sun was already about to set. Then the monkey realized that he hadn’t eat anything since morning. He suddenly felt very hungry. At the time, there was no food around them. The monkey could only see the cock as a food for him. Then he catch the cock. He took away the cock’s feather. Lucky for the cock, he was strong enough to escape from the monkey. He ran away from the monkey. He went to his best friend, a crape. In the crape’s house, he told the crape what the monkey had done to him. The crape then help him to grew back his feather. The cock couldn’t accept what the monkey had done to him. He wanted to take a revenge on him. He told the crape about his willing. They decided to make a plan for the monkey. They planned to make a boat from land. They wanted to invite the monkey to go with them to the island across the sea. They will told the monkey that there’s a lot of fruits in that island. When he got the invitation, the monkey was very happy. He thought that he would get many fruits in that island, while his two friends would just watch him eat the fruits because they couldn’t climb tree. In the mean day, the cock, together with his best friend and the monkey, went to the island. In the middle of the sea, the cock perforated the floor of the boat. When the boat was field of water and was about to sink, the cock fly to the sea shore. The crape jumped into the sea and swam to the land. The poor monkey couldn’t fly nor swim. So he died in the middle of the sea. 

                                                                                               

Intrinsic Unsure

1.       Theme

The story is about friendship and loyality.

2.       Characters

Ø  The Monkey

Monkey has a characteristic of greedy. He is selfish and a little bit stupid. He is also careless. As we can see in the text, the monkey was only care about his food. Even he almost kill his friend for food.

Ø  The Cock

The cock was a picture of fairness. He was a typical of a good one. However, he wouldn’t let anyone to do anything to him. He wouldn’t just take it when someone did anything bad to him.

Ø  The Crape

The Crape was a picture of a good friend but not a very good friend. A good friend should have told his friend not to do anything bad to other person, or in this case to other animal, even in the name of “revenge”.

3.       Setting

The setting of the place of the story was in the wood near the sea shore. Monkey is an animal that generally lived in the wood and a crape is normally lived near the sea or in the sea shore. The time of the events in the story mostly in the day and afternoon.

4.       Point of view

The point of view that the author used to write the story is the “first person”.

5.       Plot

The story can be classified into some part. The first part was the exposition. In this part the author introduce the characters of the story. In the summary above the exposition was in the first and the second sentence. The next part of the plot is the rising action or conflict. The conflict started when the monkey tried to eat the cock. The next part is the climax of the story. The climax is when the cock told the crape about what happened to him and planned to take a revenged. The falling action was when the cock and the crape invited the monkey to go to another island. The denouement of the story was the end of the story. That was when the monkey died in the middle of the sea.

6.       Impression

What happened among the characters in the story is actually a reality in a real society. In the story, the monkey intended to kill his friend for eating. In real society we would find a man/woman betrayed or even kill his friend for money, job, authority, or woman.

7.       Message

What we could learn from this story is that we can’t underestimate someone because he couldn’t do the thing we could. We should never forget that everybody has their own ability.

REFERENCES

Story by : Lismun

Age             : 27^th , Civil Servant